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1 lexico-syntactical\ SDs
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ SDs
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2 syntactical\ SDs
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ SDs
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3 lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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4 syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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5 cluster\ SDs
a small group (cluster) of SDs, which- operate on the same linguistic mechanism: namely, one word-form is deliberately used in two meanings;- have humorous effect, and- include: pun or paronomasia, zeugma, violation of phraseological units, semantically false chains, nonsense of non-sequence;See: lexical SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceSource: V.A.K.English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > cluster\ SDs
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6 lexical\ SDs
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ SDs
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7 lexical\ stylistic\ devices
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ stylistic\ devices
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8 SD
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > SD
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9 stylistic\ device
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > stylistic\ device
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10 circumlocution
a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler oneb) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a wordThey are classified into figurative periphrasis (metaphoric periphrasis or metonymic periphrasis) and logical periphrasis (euphemistic periphrasis)Source: V.A.K.••a device which, according to Webster's dictionary, denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression- aims at pointing to one of the seemingly insignificant or barely noticeable features or properties of the given object, and intensifies this property by naming the object by the property;- makes the reader perceive the new appellation against the background of the one existing in the language code and the twofold simultaneous perception secures the stylistic effect;- like simile, has a certain cognitive function inasmuch as in deepens our knowledge of the phenomenon described;I understand you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced. [= mother] (Ch.Dickens)
The lamp-lighter made his nightly failure in attempting to brighten up the street with gas. [= lit the street lamps] (Ch.Dickens)
If a periphrastic locution is understandable outside the context, it is not a stylistic device but merely a synonymous expression.the cap and gown (student body); a gentleman of the long robe (a lowyer); the fair sex (women); my better half (my wife)
Source: I.R.G.••троп, состоящий в замене названия предмета описательным оборотом с указанием его существенных, характерных признаков (I.V.A.)The beast that bears me. (horse) (W.Shakespeare - L)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > circumlocution
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11 periphrasis
a) using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler oneb) using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a wordThey are classified into figurative periphrasis (metaphoric periphrasis or metonymic periphrasis) and logical periphrasis (euphemistic periphrasis)Source: V.A.K.••a device which, according to Webster's dictionary, denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression- aims at pointing to one of the seemingly insignificant or barely noticeable features or properties of the given object, and intensifies this property by naming the object by the property;- makes the reader perceive the new appellation against the background of the one existing in the language code and the twofold simultaneous perception secures the stylistic effect;- like simile, has a certain cognitive function inasmuch as in deepens our knowledge of the phenomenon described;I understand you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced. [= mother] (Ch.Dickens)
The lamp-lighter made his nightly failure in attempting to brighten up the street with gas. [= lit the street lamps] (Ch.Dickens)
If a periphrastic locution is understandable outside the context, it is not a stylistic device but merely a synonymous expression.the cap and gown (student body); a gentleman of the long robe (a lowyer); the fair sex (women); my better half (my wife)
Source: I.R.G.••троп, состоящий в замене названия предмета описательным оборотом с указанием его существенных, характерных признаков (I.V.A.)The beast that bears me. (horse) (W.Shakespeare - L)
English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > periphrasis
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12 anticlimax
антиклимакс, спадa climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasised idea (V.A.K.)It was appalling - and soon forgotten. (J.Galsworthy)
He was unconsolable - for an afternoon. (J.Galsworthy)
Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious. (O.Wilde)
Ant.: climaxSee: lexico-syntactical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > anticlimax
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13 antithesis
a semantically complicated parallel construction, the two parts of which are semantically opposite to each other- is to stress the heterogenity of the described phenomenon, to show that the latter is a dialectical unity of two (or more) opposing features. (V.A.K.)Some people have much to live on, and little to live for. (O.Wilde)
If we don't know who gains by his death we do know who loses by it. (A.Christie)
Mrs. Nork had a large home and a small husband. (S.Lewis)
In marriage the upkeep of woman is often the downfall of man. (S.Evans)
Don't use big words. They mean so little. (O.Wilde)
••стилистическая фигура, усиливающая выразительность за счёт столкновения (противопоставления) в одном контексте прямо противоположных понятий и образов (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > antithesis
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14 climax
a semantically complicated parallel construction, in which each next word combination (clause, sentence) is logically more important or emotionally stronger and more explicit (V.A.K.)Three types:- logical climax- emotive climax
- quantitative climaxWe were all in all to one another, it was the morning of life, it was bliss, it was frenzy, it was everything else of that sort in the highest degree. (Ch.Dickens)
I am firm, thou art obstinate, he is pig-headed. (B.Charlestone)
No tree, no shrub, no blade of grass that was not owned. (J. Galsworthy)
••an arrangement of sentences (or of the homogeneous parts of one sentence) which secures a gradual increase in significance importance, or emotional tension in the utterance (I.R.G.)••расположение слов и выражений в порядке возрастающего их значения (I.V.A.)Ant.: anticlimaxSyn.: climax, gradationEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > climax
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15 comparison
a) an ordinary comparison of two objects belonging to the same classes (V.A.K.)She is like her mother.
b) weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference- takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is comparedThe boy seems to be as clever as his mother.
Source: I.R.G.Compare: simileSee: lexico-syntactical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > comparison
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16 gradation
a semantically complicated parallel construction, in which each next word combination (clause, sentence) is logically more important or emotionally stronger and more explicit (V.A.K.)Three types:- logical climax- emotive climax
- quantitative climaxWe were all in all to one another, it was the morning of life, it was bliss, it was frenzy, it was everything else of that sort in the highest degree. (Ch.Dickens)
I am firm, thou art obstinate, he is pig-headed. (B.Charlestone)
No tree, no shrub, no blade of grass that was not owned. (J. Galsworthy)
••an arrangement of sentences (or of the homogeneous parts of one sentence) which secures a gradual increase in significance importance, or emotional tension in the utterance (I.R.G.)••расположение слов и выражений в порядке возрастающего их значения (I.V.A.)Ant.: anticlimaxEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > gradation
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17 litotes
a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a possessive evaluation- the first component is always the negative particle "not", while the second, always negative in semantics, varies in form from a negatively affixed word (as above) to a negative phraseHer face was not unpretty. (K.Kesey)
It was not unnatural if Gilbert felt a certain embarrassment. (E.Waugh)
The idea was not totally erroneous. The thought did not displease me. (I.Murdoch)
Source: V.A.K.••a) is a stylistic device consisting of a peculiar use of negative constructions: the negation plus noun or adjective serves to establish a positive feature in a person or thing- is a deliberate understatement used to produce stylistic effect: it is a negation that includes affirmation;- is a means by which the natural logical and linguistic property of negation can be strengthened;He found that this was no easy task.
- is used in different styles of speech, excluding those which may be called the matter-of-fact styles, like official style and scientific proseb) a construction with two negationsnot unlike, not unpromising, not displeased
Soames, with his lips and his squared chin was not unlike a bull dog. (J.Galsworthy)
Source: I.R.G.English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > litotes
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18 logical\ comparison
a) an ordinary comparison of two objects belonging to the same classes (V.A.K.)She is like her mother.
b) weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference- takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is comparedThe boy seems to be as clever as his mother.
Source: I.R.G.Compare: simileSee: lexico-syntactical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > logical\ comparison
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19 simile
an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes on the grounds of similarity of some qualityThe one which is compared is called the tenor, the one with which it is compared, is called the vehicle. The tenor and the vehicle form the two semantic poles of the simile, which are connected by one of the following link words: "like", "as", "as though", "as if", "as like", "such as", "as... as", etc.She is like a rose.
He stood immovable like a rock in a torrent. (J.Reed)
His muscles are hard as rock. (T.Capote)
The conversation she began behaved like green logs: they fumed but would not fire. (T.Capote)
Source: V.A.K.••characterisation of one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely different class of things- excludes all the properties of the two objects except one which is made common to them;- forcibly set one object against another regardless of the fact that they may be completely alien to each other;Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare. (Byron)
Other words live but a short time and are like bubbles on the surface of water - they disappear leaving no trace of their existence. (I.R.G)
His mind was restless, but it worked perversely and thoughts jerked through his brain like the misfirings of a defective carburettor. (S.Maugham)
It was that moment of the year when the countryside seems to faint from its own loveliness, from the intoxication of tis scents and sounds. (J.Galsworthy)
Source: I.R.G.Compare: logical comparisonEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > simile
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